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  • Ad fontes
    • Welcome to Ad fontes
    • Introduction
      • What you can learn here...
      • What you'll be able to do after...
      • How the program is structured...
      • Where to begin...
      • Some things to consider...
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    • About the Project
      • FAQ
      • Editorial
      • Project Team
      • Authors, Photographers, Translators
      • Data Protection Statement
      • Image Credits
      • Publications and Awards
      • Statistics
      • History of the Project and Medidaprix Award
      • APP FONTES
      • Statements of Stakeholders
    • Ad fontes Association
      • Current Board
      • Patrons
      • Supporting Members
      • Charter and Minutes
      • Become a Member
  • Research
    • Introduction
    • Archival Exercises Einsiedeln Abbey
      • Archive Exercise 1: Archive Organization
      • Archive Exercise 2: Custumals
      • Archive Exercise 3: Charters from the Border Conflict
      • Archive Exercise 4: Disputes at Court
    • Archival Exercises State Archives of Aargau
      • Archive Exercise 9: Cartularies
    • Archival Exercises State Archives of Zürich
      • Archival Exercise 5: Papal Privileges
      • Archive Exercise 6: Early Modern Sources from the Staatsarchiv Zürich
      • Archive Exercise 7: Administrative Documents from the Canton of Zürich in the 19th Century
      • Archive Exercise 8: A Bull of Julius II for the Swiss Confederation (1512)
    • Archival Exercises Private Archives
      • The Iselin family archive, Basel
      • Isaak Iselin in Hawaiʻi, 1807
    • Africa in Focus: Using Photographs in Historical Research
      • Archive Exercise: The Basel Mission Archives
      • The Image Collection at the German Colonial Society (GCS)
    • Rechercheübung zu Film-und Videoquellen
    • Coin Finds as Historical Sources
      • Coin Finds as Historical Sources: A Hoard from Winterthur
  • Exercises
    • Introduction
    • Transcription Exercises in German
      • Private Charter
      • Charter of Lütold of Regensberg
      • Private Charter: Sale of a Field
      • Custumal from the "Grossen Urbar"
      • Diploma
      • Rotulus of Dottikon
      • Tax Register
      • Diary
      • Burkard’s Book: List of Questions
      • Statutes of the Butcher’s Guild
      • Letter: Advertisement for a Market
      • Chirograph from the Thun Missive Collection
      • Report of the Marriage Court
      • Abbot Ludwig Blarer’s Account Book
      • Accounts of Sarmenstorff
      • The Old Manorial Records
      • Wine Recipe
      • Criminal Records from the High Court
      • Dining Regulations
      • The Diary of Pater Joseph Dietrich
      • Rosenroll’s Letter to Scheuchzer
      • Chancery Regulations for Officials
      • City Register: Regulations on the Eradication of Wolves
      • Description of Anna Göldin, the “Last Witch”
      • Archive Organization through the Summarium
      • Letter from the Aargau Government
      • Report of the Municipal Council
      • Report of the Municipal Council: The Automobile Race from Paris to Vienna
      • School Composition: “A Tour up Säntis”
      • Letter: Thanks from a Former Resident
      • Army Mobilization Telegram from August 1, 1914
    • Transcription Excercises in Latin
      • Carthusian Monastery Basel
      • Visitation of the Lausanne (1456)
      • Bear Honors and Sacristain's Rights (December 1330)
      • Blanche's Stalls for the Fairs of Champagne
      • Gregory's Dialogues
      • Dicta Pirmini
      • A Pilgrim’s Guide to Rome
      • Breviary
      • The Earliest Charter from Zürich
      • Petition to the Pope
      • An Early Modern Diary
      • Winand von Steeg
      • Bullinger: Correspondence
      • The Combative Scholar: Felix Hemmerli
    • Transcription Exercises in Romance Languages
      • Book on the Properties of Things: The Wolf
      • Book on the Properties of Things: The Fox
      • Book on the Properties of Things: The Camel-Leopard
      • Charter from Metz, Transaction Concerning a Rent
      • Charter from the Abbey of Salival
      • Charter from the Bishopric of Toul
      • Charter from the Abbey of Fontenay
      • Charter of Montréal
      • Charter of Brancion
      • Charter of Fribourg
      • Charter of Neuchâtel
    • Transcription Exercises for Documents in English
      • The Journal of Isaak Iselin
    • Transcription Exercises for Scandinavian Languages
      • The Codex Regius of the Poetic Edda
      • Möðruvallabók
      • Codex Hardenbergianus
      • Njáls saga
      • Jóns saga helga
      • Sturlunga saga
      • Eyrbyggja saga
      • Gísla saga Súrssonar
      • Homiliary
      • Diploma of King Hákon V. Magnússon
      • Elucidarius: The Earliest Danish Paternoster
      • Harpestreng: The Oldest Danish Cookbook
      • The Elder Westrogothic Law
      • Brigitta’s Autograph
      • Bailiff's Account 1545
      • Court Roll 1685
      • Petter Claesson 1776
    • Exercises on the History of Scripts
      • Exercise on Recognizing and Dating Scripts
      • Exercise on Kurrent
    • Chronology Exercises
      • Charter of Otto I
      • Donation Charter of St. John’s Prebend
      • A Court Record from Einsiedeln
      • Another Court Record from Einsideln
      • Charter of Lütold of Regensberg
    • Exercises on Coins, Accounts, and Currencies
      • Accounts from the Cloister of Fahr
      • Calculations across Currencies
      • Describing a Coin: Type and Epigraphy
      • Describing a Coin – Wear and Corrosion
      • Comparing Coins
    • Practice with Digital Editions and Electronic Finding Aids
      • Dealing with Digitized Sources from the Staatsarchiv Zürich
      • Looking for Sources with Electronic Finding Aids: The Example of “Query” from “scopeArchiv”
    • Africa in Focus: Using Photographs in Historical Research
      • Looking at Image Content
      • Dating Photographs
      • Examining Metadata
      • Citing Sources
      • Interpreting Pictures
    • German Language Exercises
      • Using Dictionaries: Wine Recipe
      • The Phases of German
      • Relationships among Languages: Language Families
      • The First Germanic Sound Shift and Verner’s Law
      • The Second Germanic Consonant Shift
      • The First and Second Germanic Consonant Shifts
      • Earlier Language Developments: Ablaut
      • Early New High German Language Changes
      • Word Forms: Wine Recipe
    • Medieval Latin Word Forms
      • Simple Undeclined or Unconjugated Word Forms: Exercise
      • Simple Undeclined or Unconjugated Word Forms: Solution
      • Medium-Difficulty Undeclined or Unconjugated Word Forms: Exercise
      • Medium-Difficulty Undeclined or Unconjugated Word Forms: Solution
      • Difficult Undeclined or Unconjugated Word Forms: Exercise
      • Difficult Undeclined or Unconjugated Word Forms: Solution
      • Simple Declined or Conjugated Word Forms: Exercise
      • Simple Declined or Conjugated Word Forms: Solution
      • Medium-Difficulty Declined or Conjugated Word Forms: Exercise
      • Medium-Difficulty Declined or Conjugated Word Forms: Solution
      • Difficult Declined or Conjugated Word Forms: Exercise
      • Difficult Declined or Conjugated Word Forms: Solution
      • Ambiguous Word Forms: Exercise
      • Ambiguous Word Forms: Solution
      • Rendering a Medieval Latin Text in School Latin: Exercise
      • Rendering a Medieval Latin Text in School Latin: Solution
      • Conclusion: Writing and Sounds
    • Old Maps
      • Dating maps
      • Map pictures
      • An Edo-Period Map of Japan's Provinces
      • Maps from 19th century Winterthur
    • Old Japanese Characters Kuzushiji
      • Introduction to Kuzushiji
      • Reading Japanese maps and marketing practices
    • Exercise in heraldry
  • Tutorial
    • Introduction
    • Finding Documents
      • On Archives
      • Different Kinds of Archives
      • Searching in Archives
      • Visiting the Archive
      • Archive Pedagogy: Why and for Whom?
      • The Einsiedeln Monastic Archive
      • The City Archive of St. Gallen
      • The State Archive of Zürich as a Place of Memory
      • Working with Finding Aids in the State Archive of Zürich: Looking for Love
    • Reading Scripts
      • The History of Scripts
      • Abbreviations
      • Transcription Guidelines
    • Describing Manuscript Sources
      • Characterizing the Substrate
      • Writing Formats
      • Seals
      • Describing Manuscript Sources (Review)
    • Weights, Measures, and Money
      • Coins as Currency
      • The History of Money
      • Numbers
      • Weights and Measures
    • Calculating Dates
      • Chronology
      • Counting Days
      • Counting Years
    • Accessing Sources
      • Regesta
      • Transcriptions
      • Critical Editions
      • Translations
      • Databases
      • The Language of the Sources
    • Analyzing Sources
      • Source Typology and Criticism
      • Writing and Literacy
      • Charters and Diplomatics
      • The Papacy and the Production of Charters
      • Papal Documents: Characteristics and Structure
      • Papal Documents and Papal Letters
      • Cartularies
      • Custumals
      • Land Registers
      • Account Books
      • Administrative Documents from the 19th and 20th Centuries: The Example of the Canton of Zürich
      • History in the Middle Ages
    • Heraldry
    • Africa in Focus: Using Photographs in Historical Research
      • Online Photo Archives and Research
      • On the History of Photography
      • Photography in Historical Research
      • Historical Photographs from Africa
    • German Language in the Sources
      • The History of German
      • The German Linguistic Region and Written Language
      • The Emergence of a New High German Written Language
      • German in Context
      • Earlier Linguistic Developments
      • Later Linguistic Changes
      • Old High German Glosses
      • Namen – Namenforschung
      • Familiennamen
      • Runen
    • Latin Language in the Sources
      • History and Uses of Latin in the Middle Ages
      • The Characteristics of Latin Language in the Middle Ages
      • Genres and Their Functions in the Middle Ages
      • Rhetoric and Stylistics in the Latin Middle Ages
      • Prosody/Metrical and Rhythmic Structures
      • Working with Editions of Texts
      • Overviews and Reference Works on Medieval Latin
    • Scandinavian Languages
      • West Nordic History of Writing
      • Collections of Scandinavian Manuscripts
      • East Nordic History of Writing
    • Old Japanese Maps
      • Introduction
      • Searching for old Japanese maps
      • Nara-period maps
      • Heian-, Kamakura- and Muromachi-period maps
      • Azuchi-Momoyama- and early-Edo-period maps
      • Edo-period maps
      • Surveying in Japan
  • Resources
    • Introduction
    • Finding Docments
      • Online Archives: Links
      • Archival Science: Links
      • Archives, Libraries, and Documentation Centers (PDF)
      • The Purviews of Different Archives
      • Ecclesiastical Institutions in Switzerland
      • Tips for Visiting Archives (PDF)
      • Commemoration of the Dead in the Region of Switzerland
      • Finding Aids for Private Archives in Zürich and Switzerland: Selected Literature and Links
      • Visual Representations of Searching and Working in Archives (PDF)
      • Tatort Archiv: A Film on Working with Sources in Archives
      • Archive Pedagogy: Literature
      • Staatsarchiv Zürich
      • Stadtarchiv St.Gallen: Selected Literature
      • The Monastic Archive of Einsiedeln
    • Reading Scripts
      • Reading Scripts: Links
      • Reading Scripts: Literature
      • Example Alphabets
      • Transcription Guidelines
      • Transcription Rules for Scandinavian Languages (PDF)
      • Edition Guidelines for French-Language Sources (PDF)
    • Abbreviations
      • Cappelli Online
      • Cappelli: Downloadable Data
      • Abbreviations: Literature
    • Describing Manuscript Sources
      • Describing Manuscript Sources: Links
      • Describing Manuscript Sources: Literature
      • Catalogs: Swiss Collections since 1970
      • Seals: Links
      • Seals: Literature
    • Coins and Measures
      • Currency Systems
      • Money and Coins
      • Weights and Measures
    • Heraldry
    • Calculating Dates
      • Calculating Dates: Links
      • Calculating Dates: Literature
      • The Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in Switzerland: Dates
      • Table: Golden Number by Year
      • Tabel: Paschal Full Moon Dates
      • The 35 Easter Calendars
      • The Roman Calendar
      • Table of Sunday Letters
      • Table of Day of the Week by Date
      • Introitus missae
      • Calendar of Feast Days for the Diocese of Konstanze
      • Other Feast Day Calendars
      • Names of the Months
      • Table: Indictions
      • Regnal Years of German Kings (to 1250)
      • Regnal Years of German Kings (after 1250)
      • Pontifical Years of Popes (to 1304)
      • Pontifical Years of Popes (from 1305)
    • Accessing Sources
      • Important Source Collections: Links
      • Online Sources
      • Important Source Collections: Editions
      • Large European Source Edition Projects (PDF)
      • Dictionaries: Links
      • Dictionaries
      • Grammars and Handbooks
      • Translations
      • Map of German Linguistic Regions
      • Foundational Bibliography on Language in Manuscript Sources (PDF)
      • Early New High German Othography (PDF)
      • The Development of Written Language in Switzerland
      • Managing Sources with Litlink
    • Analyzing Sources
      • Source Criticism and Typology: Links
      • Source Criticism and Typology: Literature
      • Source Typologies According to Goetz
      • Source Typologies According to Brandt (PDF)
      • Economic and Administrative Sources (PDF)
      • Literacy: Literature
      • Charters and Diplomatics: Links
      • Charters and Diplomatics: Literature
      • Monasterium: A Virtual Archive of Central European Documents
      • The Papal States and Document Production: Literature
      • Curia and Dicastery: Literature
      • Research on Papal Documents: Regesta
      • The Papal Curia in the Late Middle Ages: Organizational Chart
      • Papal Devices and Their Biblical Referents (PDF)
      • Papal Documents: External Features
      • Various Document Types: Literature
      • Research on Papal Documents: Links
      • Cartularies: General Literature
      • Custumals (Weistümer/Offnungen): Literature
      • Land Registers: Literature
      • Account Books: Literature
      • Account Books: Links
      • Records Science: Literature
      • Global History: Bibliography
    • Photography and the History of Photography
      • Online Archives with Historical Photos from Africa 1
      • Online Archives with Historical Photos from Africa 2
      • Other Photographic Collections in Swiss Archives
      • Literature
      • Links to Photographs from and of Africa
      • Links on Photography and the History of Photography
      • Timeline of the History of Photography
      • Dating Tool
      • Citing Images: Guidelines
    • German in the Sources
      • The History of Language: Literature
      • Lexer: Middle High German Dictionary, Outline (PDF)
      • Idiotikon: A Swiss German Dictionary, Outline and Guide to Use (PDF)
      • Standard Middle High German: Written Conventions (PDF)
      • The Development of New High German as a Written Language: Literature
      • German in Context: Literature
      • German in Context: An Indo-European Language Family (PDF)
      • The Seven Classes of German Strong Verbs
      • The History of German: Literature
      • Glosses and Glossing: Literature
      • Names: Onomastic Literature
      • Family Names: General Introductions
      • Family Names: Case Studies
      • Family Names: Links
      • Runes
    • French in the Sources
      • Reference Works for French in the Middle Ages: Dictionaries
    • Latin in the Sources
      • The History and Uses of Latin in the Middle Ages: Literature
      • The Early Middle Ages: Literature
      • The Carolingian Era and High Middle Ages: Literature
      • The Late Middle Ages and Modernity: Literature
      • Ecclesiastical Latin: Literature
      • Language Fields and Technical Terminologies: Literature
      • The Language of Theology: Literature
      • Regional Characteristics: Literature
      • Medieval Latin: Literature
      • Genres: Literature
      • Poetry: Literature
      • Rhetoric: Literature
      • Prosody: Literature
      • Working with Editions: Literature
      • Reference Works for Medieval Latin: General Introductions and Handbooks
      • Reference Works for Medieval Latin: Dictionaries
      • Online Reference Works for Latin
    • Nordic Languages in the Sources
      • West Nordic Scripts and Manuscripts: Literature
    • Old Japanese Maps
      • Typologies of old Japanese maps
      • Timeline of Old Japanese Maps
      • Dating Japanese Maps
      • Japanese Calendar Converter
      • Bibliography
      • Search for Digital Resources
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